![]() ![]() ![]() This movement predates Martin Luther and represents the culmination of medieval reform efforts. The improvement and application of Gospel teachings to the life of both the individual and the institution. "Catholic Reformation" highlights the existence of a spontaneous reform within the church itself that sought to revitalize religious life through Consequently, the Counter-Reformation is understood as repressive, seeking to reemphasize Catholic dogma, to reassert Catholic liturgical life, and to win back those who accepted the Protestant faith. The former term views religious renewal within Catholicism as a reaction against the challenges posed by the Protestant reformers. ![]() In their attempts to characterize the nature of early modern Catholicism, historians have utilized the terms "Counter-Reformation" and "Catholic Reformation," which convey different understandings of the church's attempts at reform in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. ![]()
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